The Great Schism of 1054 is one of the earliest and most significant splits in Christianity, leading to the formation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This division was primarily due to disputes over papal authority and theological differences, such as the inclusion of the Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed.

The Protestant Reformation in the 16th century further fragmented Christianity, as reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the practices and authority of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the creation of numerous Protestant denominations.

The Roman Catholic Church is the largest Christian denomination worldwide, with over 1.3 billion members. Catholics believe in the authority of the Pope and adhere to traditions and teachings that they believe have been passed down since the time of the apostles.

The Eastern Orthodox Church, consisting of several self-governing bodies, emphasizes the continuation of the faith and practices of the early church. It boasts approximately 220 million followers.

Protestantism is a diverse movement that includes denominations such as Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Baptists, Methodists, and Pentecostals, among others. Protestants generally emphasize the authority of the Bible and the concept of salvation by faith alone.

Baptism is a sacrament recognized by all Christian denominations, but the method of baptism (such as immersion, pouring, or sprinkling) and the age at which it is performed can differ significantly.

The Eucharist, also known as Communion or the Lord's Supper, is celebrated by most denominations but with varying understandings of its meaning and significance. Catholics believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation, while many Protestants view it as a symbolic act.

Pentecostals are known for their emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit, including speaking in tongues, prophecy, and healing. These practices are less emphasized or absent in other denominations.

The Jesuits, a Catholic religious order founded in the 16th century, have been influential in education, founding schools, colleges, and universities worldwide.

Many Protestant denominations have established hospitals, orphanages, and charity organizations, contributing to social welfare and healthcare in various countries.

The spread of Christianity in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 19th and 20th centuries has led to significant growth in non-Western Christian denominations, often blending traditional Christian beliefs with local customs and traditions.

The World Council of Churches, founded in 1948, includes 349 member churches from Protestant, Orthodox, and Anglican traditions, working together on theological dialogue and social issues.

The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) marked a significant shift in the Catholic Church's approach to other Christian denominations, promoting dialogue and cooperation instead of conversion.

Joint worship services and community projects are increasingly common, as Christians from different denominations seek to focus on their shared faith in Jesus Christ rather than their differences.

Interfaith marriages between members of different denominations have become more common, reflecting a broader trend of tolerance and understanding among Christians.

Doctrinal disputes, such as those regarding the ordination of women and LGBTQ+ rights, have led to divisions and debates within and between denominations.

The rise of secularism and the decline of religious affiliation in many parts of the world pose challenges to all Christian denominations, as they seek to remain relevant and engage with modern society.

Scandals, particularly those involving abuse within the church, have damaged the reputation and trust in religious institutions, prompting calls for reform and accountability.

Despite these challenges, Christian denominations continue to play a vital role in the lives of billions of believers, offering spiritual guidance, community, and hope.